Is this source reliable?
author: credentials, values/biases, associations
publisher: scholarly (ex. university press)?
date: relevant (ex. primary source or recent research)?
audience: who is it written for (the public or experts)?
Is there another interpretation or point of view to consider?
How will the new information influence or change your argument or what you know?
For more on evaluating sources see our Evaluation Guide.
Is My Source Scholarly?
Popular | Trade | Scholarly | |
---|---|---|---|
author |
journalist / staff writer | industry expert | expert / researcher |
publisher | popular | popular | academic (often) |
audience | general public | professionals | experts |
content | general interest | practical industry info | specific & technical |
citations | rare | sometimes | always |
peer review | no | no | yes (mostly) |
Scholarly articles will have: introductions, abstracts, author credentials, references &
Scholarly articles will sometimes have: review, method, results, and discussion
Once you have found a full source (online or print), use the CRAAP Test to determine if you should use it.
Currency
When was the information published or updated? Are the references to other sources up to date? Does currency matter for your topic?
Relevance/Coverage
Is this source relevant to your research question? Does the source meet the requirements of the assignment? Is the information too technical or too simple? Who is the intended audience? Does it add to your knowledge of the topic?
Authority
Who is the author? Is the author part of an educational institution or an organization? Can you find information about the author on the internet or with other resources? How often is this author cited? The author may be an individual or an organization.
Accuracy
Is this information correct and reliable? Are there spelling or grammar errors? Was the information reviewed or edited before it was published? What are other authors writing about the topic?
Purpose/Objectivity
What is the purpose of the information? Is it designed to sway your opinion? Does it project a bias? Are there other points of view presented?
The CRAAP test was creatd by California State University, Chico.
Video was created by NCSU