Considering periodical publications:
Video created by NCSU Libraries.
What is citation? Why do we cite?
Librarians at the City Colleges of Chicago Harold Washington Library created a fabulous guide on How to Read Scholarly Articles. Read the first three pages only-- the fourth page is specific to their library!
Scientific method: a method of procedure that has characterized natural science
since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment,
and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses. --From the Mac OS Dictionary, Version 2.1.3.
Sample words found in publications likely indicating a scientific/scholarly approach informed an author's work:
Evidence | Data | Empirical | Experiment | Survey | Interview | Ethnographic | Study | Observation | Research