1a. Ji-li Jiang, Red Scarf Girl: A Memoir of the Cultural Revolution, foreword by David Henry Hwang (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 21.

Note: First time a source is cited. All information is required, unless you follow the instructions in (4) below.

1b. Peasant Ho as quoted in Ji-li Jiang, Red Scarf Girl: A Memoir of the Cultural Revolution, foreword by David Henry Hwang (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 21.

Note: Example represents how to refer to a quotation lifted from a book or article.

2. Ibid., 35. See also Tariq Ali and Susan Watkins, 1968: Marching in the Streets (New York: Free Press, 1998), 56. The graphic image used in Ali and Watkins' study is especially illustrative of the process described by Jiang.

Note: When a source is immediately repeated, you may use "IBID." If you do not use IBID., skip to (4) below. Please note that IBID. always takes a period. Footnotes also may be used to expand on ideas and to direct readers to sources not necessarily cited in the text, as in this case.

3a. Bertram Gordon, "The Eyes of the Marcher: Paris, May 1968 -- Theory and Its Consequences," in Gerard J. DeGroot, ed., Student Protest: The Sixties and After (London: Addison Wesley Longman, 1998), 39-53.

Note: This is the format for a chapter located in a collection of essays. Since this is the first time the sources is cited, full information is given.

3b. Joann Dimwit, "Raising the Flag," Journal of Inconsequential Studies, 29 (1972), 25.

Note: This citation shows how to refer to an article in a scholarly journal.

4a. Jiang, 57. If you give a complete citation in your bibliography, you may use the short version in your text.

Note: Whenever a source is used again (but not immediately following an earlier citation), you must cite the last name of the author followed by the page number.

4b. Jiang, Red Scarf Girl, 57. Include a shortened title if you use two sources by the same author.

5. JoAnne Fisher, "The Chinese Cultural Revolution," New York Times Magazine, June 1968, 53-72; "Will Mao Stop?," Time, 27 May 1968, 5.

Note: These are the proper formats for newspapers and magazine articles.

6. Lecture notes from presentation by Prof. Eric Zolov, 20 January, 2000. Franklin & Marshall College.

Note: This is the format for class notes or other public presentations.

7. Quoted from the video, The Legacy of Mao (Boston: WGBH Productions, 1997). See also the Hollywood production dealing with Vietnam, Full Metal Jacket (Dir. Oliver Stone, 1987).

Note: This is the format for video and films.

8. Harvey Wallbanger (Prof. of History, Franklin & Marshall College), interview by author, tape recording [or notes from conversation"], Lancaster, PA, 15 March 2000.

Note: This is the format for oral interviews.